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[wanderer]

I like the idea of using the German title with parentheses (~ "visiting researcher").  Of course, they can ask.  No need to give an extensive response when this can be part of the interview. 

[octoprof]

The term "visiting scholar" may be more descriptive in your case, OP.

I'd go with this. I've been a "visiting scholar" before. The agreement with the university was informal in that case i.e. I was not being paid, but was doing them a favor (presenting some research, doing a seminar, etc.) and they were doing me a favor (providing me with research space and what not).

[gaenselisl]

I would never call a student doing some research at a foreign institution a "Gastforscher" or a "visiting scholar". Sorry, you are a STUDENT and you are on a research trip and that's all. The whole point of being a student is that you are trying to BECOME a scholar and a "Forscher".