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Not What You Expected

August 18, 2011, 12:51 pm

Every one of us who’s advised undergraduates has faced a student new to campus who is utterly certain of her major, his eventual career, her study-abroad plans, or other future plans. If one hangs around long enough, one sees that these students’ aspirations are very rarely fulfilled, though more often than not they find even more satisfying and suitable outcomes than they had originally planned.

My colleagues and I generally have been skeptical of such students’ initial certainty about their futures. Faculty members know that students are often full of big plans, and, more importantly, have made those plans based on limited or erroneous information. New, traditional-aged undergraduate students rarely have the experience or savvy to make wise decisions about their futures, and as they discover more about their talents and interests, it’s not surprising for their plans to change.

I recently returned from co-leading a wonderful, rich intercultural trip to Turkey with three members of our state legislature — a police chief from one of Iowa’s growing metropolitan areas, and several members of the faculty and staff of one of our public universities. On the long flight from Istanbul to Chicago, I thought about how surprising my participation in this trip would have been to my younger graduate-school self.

As those of you who have read my entries here over the past several years know, I am intensely interested in the shape of academic careers, and how the implicit and explicit expectations formed by graduate programs prepare future faculty for either satisfaction or despair as they move into and through their professional lives. I am neither talking about nor dismissing the pain caused by the catastrophic mismatch between the number of available academic jobs and the new potential faculty available to fill them, but rather of people who have the great good fortune of finding any academic job, but who then discover that this job is not at all what they expected.

Like a lot of you, I went to graduate school with only a fuzzy idea of what it actually meant to be a college professor, despite the fact that my mother was one and had a very good career. While I was in graduate school, I quickly absorbed the notion that a “real” academic career was like that of my professors–a lot of research, a small amount of teaching, and an indeterminate amount of other things that are largely hidden from those who are not doing them.

Instead, I wound up doing a lot of teaching, not much research, and a huge and increasing amount of those hidden other things. I’ve worked at four institutions, and in each place have gained knowledge, skills, and experience that help, I hope, to make me effective in each of the institutional roles I have been called on to play. I have developed interests that I didn’t anticipate in graduate school (I traveled to Turkey for the first of eight times at the end of my second year in my first faculty job), and have built rewarding professional relationships and friendships of types I couldn’t have imagined.

A former colleague used to fret about how students had a highly “overdetermined” response to planning for their futures. If that is true about undergraduates, it surely is much more true of graduate students who are planning to pursue an academic career. But even inside the charmed circle of those fortunate enough to obtain such a career, there remains an enormous amount of contingency. But just because a path is unexpected doesn’t mean that it’s a bad path, and in many cases it can turn out to be better than the one you planned to take. This was a very hard lesson for me, but one I am glad I have finally and completely learned.

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  • unusedusername

    Excellent article. I, too, strongly suspect that a large fraction of Pell grant recipients aren’t graduating, and the educrats are withholding the data for political reasons. I would want to see the data discussed above, plus the default rates of students by

    1) high school GPA
    2) SAT/ACT scores
    3) intended college major

    I’m willing to bet that there are large differences in these groups, but any attempt to cut costs by strategically giving loans to students that are the most likely to graduate are likely to be met with howls of protests by people who think we are trying to “hold down the lower classes”. No, we are just trying to make sure that the students who go to college are the ones who will get something out of it.

  • eberg

    There are some sound ideas for further tailoring and fine-tuning the Pell Grant program and no doubt the committee could benefit from Mr. Vedder’s testimony.
    What troubles me, however, in Vedder’s laser-like focus on disadvantaged Pell recipients is his apparent disregard for the organized looting of public and personal funds by for-profit institutions that misrepresent offers and outcomes, saddle the disadvantaged, the inconvenienced or former military members with enormous debt, confer credentials of uncertain value, and dilute respect for legitimate institutions of higher education. I disagree not with Vedder’s incontestable minor points, but with his priorities.

  • mbelvadi

    If the data shows what you expect it to show, they should also include a survey of why the students failed to graduate. If the reason is a lack of money (the number one reason cited by students in other surveys for dropping out), then this data could be used as evidence to increase, not decrease, funding for the Pell program. Otherwise it would be like doing a study to show that car accident victims who are given blood are less likely to be alive a year later than the average driver, and using that statistic to justify withholding blood transfusions from accident victims.

  • mr_leech

    In 2008 the Virginia Foxx and John Boehner introduced a amendment to the Higher Education Opportunity Act that forbade the US Department of Education from developing a student unit record data system that would answer this question. Might you testify and recommend the repeal of section 134 (a), “Database of Student Information Prohibited”?

  • adunbar

    I agree that such statistics should be available, but graduation rate isn’t a sufficient statistic for determining “success.” I’m not sure what is. I know a young man who dropped out after one class at a local community college. Several years later, he tried again. This time he was ready to commit, and although it is too early to tell if he will graduate, he now is willing to engage in discussions about various issues, and he uses vocabulary that continually surprises me. There is no doubt in my mind that he is growing by leaps and bounds.

  • prairiechick

    The author is correct in one statement – many “middle class” students receive Pell grants, since the grants are dependent upon the cost of education at an institution as well as the income level of the student or his/her family. Knowing that there are very few academic scholarships offered at state institutions compared to the number of students in attendance, it is likely that many more students are eligible for Pell grants than for the few scholarships awarded at most institutions. In addition, many families whose children would be Pell-eligible never fill out the FAFSA form because they have the mistaken belief that the grants are indeed only for “poor people” and therefore do not take advantage of the benefit of this program. I suspect that with the prolonged economic down-turn, even more students have become be Pell-eligible as they drop from “upper middle class” down to simply “middle class”. But you should know that many institutions provide academic scholarships largely to the least economically in need…knowing that wealthy alumni will provide the most return on the institution’s investment in the future…and use the scholarships as much as a means of “bidding power” to obtain wealthy enrollees as to attract bright minds.

    If the author aims to reduce the “burden” of taxpayer support of such students by reducing the availability of Pell grants, then I take issue with him. The alternative funding mechanism would be to increase the debt accrual of students overall as they take out more loans to attend college. But if one examines the default rates on students loans, that may not be a very attractive alternative. The result would be a debt-laden young work force, or perhaps a debt-laden aging population if the parents are the ones who absorb the load debt or a large number of job-seekers with poor credit histories. I don’t believe any of those scenarios are more attractive than the current Pell program funding if one views the effects across the entire US population over time.

    I do agree that it would be beneficial to track the success rates of Pell recipients, however. But it would be very important to perform multivariate analysis and include factors such as whether they are first-generation college students, since it has been observed that the ability to navigate through the university bureaucracy and know how to finesse additional financial aid or to find a really knowledgeable and helpful academic advisor can be as big a factor in a student’s ability to complete a degree as is their income level or modest performance in high school. Sometimes you have to know how to be a proactive consumer as much as a disciplined academic.

    There are no easy answers to these current challenges. There are fewer resources to go around that support and even promote successful completion of any academic training. But I disagree that Pell awards result in “failure” – even exposure to a semester of college can have a lifelong benefit in terms of a person’s ability to understand the world a bit better and succeed in life.

  • leedav

    I agree with greater transparency and accountability, especially in public and government organizations where the public’s resources and tax revenue are being spent.
    This is an important part of democracy, and an educated public will improve the democratic system.

  • lfserpa

    In addition to the suggested statistics on Pell Grant recipients, it would be good to compile data on the number of college professors, researchers, doctors, business leaders/owners, etc–successful people in general–who received Pell Grants. I think that number would be high also and, in my opinion, it more than justifies the existence of Pell Grants.

  • mbelvadi

    Are you sure you want to include “business leaders” in that data? Even Wall Street executives? :-)

  • katisumas

    Arent Pell grant recipients required to graduate within 4 years, not six?

    Pell grants help lower middle class members, which is not quite fair because families whose income is just a $ too high don’t qualify.

    Solution, more Pell Grants instead of less.

    Why the attack on student aid? Is is linked with the delusion that teachers’ salaries caused the Great Recession? So now the fault lies with Pell Grants?

    If you’re such a fine statistician, why don’t you do the math and tell us why we, who are supposed to be the richest country in the world, no longer can provide an education for our youth, and have to cut down on such programs as WIC that provides nutritious food for pregnant women and babies, including very expensive special formula for those babies needing it to survive.

    Your letter has to be seen in that context.

  • mkt42

    Waitaminnit. The 2008 HEOA already DOES require colleges to disclose the graduation rates of their Pell Grant recipients, Federal subsidized loan recipients, and non-recipients of Federal aid. See e.g. http://www.airweb.org/page.asp?page=1601

  • mr_leech

    Please get back to us after the disclosure requirements are slated to be implemented and tell us: (a) how many institutions are in compliance with these requirements; (b) where their disclosures are located; (c) whether these rates are calculated in a way comparable (since no methodology is specified in law or regulation), and (d) whether these disclosures generate any data that can be used for analysis. Predictions? (a) little compliance; (b) disclosures difficult to locate if compliance happens; (c) no comparability in reporting without a standardized methodology (Pell once? Pell always? Pell last term? transfers handled how? and so on….); and (d) disclosure yields aggregate reporting useless for the sort of analysis Vedder and others want to see.

  • 11333651

    Your observations are spot on.  I advised medical students about their careers for years and was able to draw on experiences from my own life and the lives of other faculty colleague who I knew well.  The polished, accomplished professional that stands in front of the lecture hall or at the side of a patient’s bed often took a circuitous, sometimes haphazard, and occasionally calamitous path, and it can be helpful for those who come behind us to realize that good things (can) happen when we don’t achieve our dreams.  Like many of life’s great lessons, if we don’t learn this early we get repeated chances later on to learn it!

  • seannotkelly

    I stand (sit, actually) before you, an administrator who emerged out of the professoriate, who emerged out of professional practice, who emerged out of a young man with hair past his shoulders,  riding a skateboard, having emerged from a boy who wanted to be an artist (especially dinosaurs and girls).

    ‘How did I ever get here?’ is a question many of us need to occasionally look around and ask.  Especially as the new school term approaches.

  • http://twitter.com/ajnedd Angie Nedd

    I returned to school in my late 30s, certain I wanted to finish my bachelor’s degree in psychology, and then get a PhD to work with veterans experiencing PTSD. I am graduating in December (and will be a first-generation college graduate!) — but not going for a PhD and instead looking at an MA (for several reasons, and psychology is low on the list of programs I am considering.)

    My plan was a plan to get me moving in some direction when I was at a fork in the road. I was old enough — or perhaps wise enough? — to realize that it was more important to be moving in some productive direction because, with an education, I would have options and choices I couldn’t even imagine. I admit I got too focused on “the plan,” but got good insight and advice from mentors, teachers, and friends that helped me find a more rewarding and satisfying path.

    Thanks for the post!

  • gloverparker

    I too agree that this post offers a very wise perspective for undergrads and grads and certainly for faculty and administrators who worry that they’ve made a big mistake investing much blood, sweat and tears in a profession that has always been competitive and whose career track is frequently fraught  with uncertain twists and turns.  I’ve been involved in advising grad students at an elite grad school over a decade and also work with unemployed professionals now who have been uprooted by the economic chaos of recent years.  Our society rewards the “overdetermined” career plan-much more so than in past eras. This is because we seek to control our professional destinies; we believe that with enough education and skill-building experience, we will realize our career aspirations.  Unfortunately, this picture has collapsed for many in the past few years.  I believe there is a need for faculty and career advisors to assist students in better preparing for the uncertainties of the current global workforce.  To assist them in seeing the necessity of thinking about and planning for alternative ways to fulfill their career goals –and to get at this task early on in their academic program.  There is just less space now for students to see collegiate life as a fun and carefree period in which they need not consider their future career plans until their senior year…but then, this has always been true for working class students and those not attending four-year institutions (and who cannot afford to consider grad school).

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  • wayoutwest

    darccity, other states are (and have been) recruiting more students from out-of-state. The trend picked up considerably after 2008. Before 2008, though, for example, University of Colorado (at Boulder) was enrolling lots of out-of-state students to compensate for weak state appropriations. If your state hasn’t been pursuing more non-residents in the last few years, you’re in the minority. I can’t think of a state university of Virginia’s caliber that isn’t already acting like Virginia.

    Secondly, I don’t think it’s “silly” for public universities to resist displacing their less affluent students, which is typically what happens when out-of-state numbers increase. There’s economic merit to your position on recruiting out-of-state, but state officials should think twice before displacing tax-paying citizens from their in-state option. Universities have a lot of constituents to please. If your state legislature acts as if in-state students are their only/primary constituent, again, your state is the exception, not the rule.

  • cp3242

    Having worked in admissions for the better part of a decade, I have serious concerns about early action and early decision programs. 

    1) In talking with high school seniors, I’ve come to realize that most of them do not understand these programs. Those who attend private prep schools often have the benefit of former selective admissions counselors turned college counselors. However, most students remain confused. Each school plays the Early Action/Early Decision game differently, so even when I offer free workshops, I can’t education middle income to low-income kids about a common set of standards. 

    2) In addition to not understanding the admission policies, many students misunderstand the financial impact of Early Action or Early Decision. What do terms like “loan free” and “need blind” mean? When I explain to students that meeting “100% of demonstrated need” means that they are still responsible for paying or borrowing whatever the government deems is their EFC, they are often surprised. They thought that applying Early Decision to a “loan free” school was safe… until they realized that as a middle-income kid, they could still be responsible or $20,000/year or more in college costs. I’ve also spoken with students who don’t apply Early Action because they fear financial penalty, even when it’s not binding. I can’t say that I blame them because applying Early Action does give the impression that you’re willing to pay if you’re admitted. 

    3) If you’ve spent much time with seniors, you’ll know that they change their minds almost daily about where they’re going to school. One student who was absolutely CERTAIN of her decision in August when she began the early admissions process was miserable in the spring at the thought of attending the school. Why do we keep pushing the timeline back when the vast majority of students are not ready to make such a heavy decision? 

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