Japan's Private Universities Awash in Red Ink

Nearly a quarter of all private universities in Japan lost money in 2001, according to a report released last month by a quasi-governmental agency. As a result, many institutions have been forced to close.

The situation for Japanese junior colleges was even worse: Nearly half of the operators of those institutions reported losses. And in 2002, for both private universities and junior colleges, the conditions that brought about the losses only grew worse.

Shigeru Tsukada, an

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