'Images of the Outcast: The Urban Poor in the Cries of London'

The street vendors of early modern London were a practical sort. They'd sooner have a penny than a portrait. But by the late 16th century, their likenesses were quite the commodity.

It was then that broadsheets honeycombed with miniatures of fishmongers, pie sellers, chimney sweeps, and other street denizens first became popular. The poor didn't buy the artworks, notes Sean Shesgreen, a professor of English at Northern Illinois University and the author of Images of the Outcast: The

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